A specific data warehousing approach; not to be confused with data security in general.
A "Data Vault" or the "data vault modeling" approach refer to a specific data warehousing strategy, pioneered by Dan Linstedt. It is built around "Hub," "Link," and "Satellite" tables, a highly normalized approach which attempts to provide strong auditing, efficient loading, flexible architecture, and support for downstream data marts (e.g., star schemas).